Ahn, J., Grun, I. U., and Mustapha, A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of natural extracts in vitro and in ground beef. J Food Prot. 2004;67(1):148-155. View abstract.
Ahn, J., Grun, I. U., and Mustapha, A. Effects of plant extracts on microbial growth, color change, and lipid oxidation in cooked beef. Food Microbiol. 2007;24(1):7-14. View abstract.
Aoki, H., Nagao, J., Ueda, T., Strong, J. M., Schonlau, F., Yu-Jing, S., Lu, Y., and Horie, S. Clinical assessment of a supplement of Pycnogenol(R) and L-arginine in Japanese patients with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction. Phytother.Res. 2012;26(2):204-207. View abstract.
Araghi-Niknam, M., Hosseini, S., Larson, D., Rohdewald, P., and Watson, R. R. Pine bark extract reduces platelet aggregation. Integr.Med. 3-21-2000;2(2):73-77. View abstract.
Asset, G., Bauge, E., Wolff, R. L., Fruchart, J. C., and Dallongeville, J. Comparison of maritime pine oil and fish oil effects on plasma lipoproteins in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Prostaglandins Leukot.Essent.Fatty Acids 2000;62(5):307-310. View abstract.
Asset, G., Bauge, E., Wolff, R. L., Fruchart, J. C., and Dallongeville, J. Pinus pinaster oil affects lipoprotein metabolism in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Nutr 1999;129(11):1972-1978. View abstract.
Baumann, L. How to prevent photoaging? J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(4):xii-xiii. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Ippolito, E., Bavera, P., and Grossi, M. G. Investigation of Pycnogenol(R) in combination with coenzymeQ10 in heart failure patients (NYHA II/III). Panminerva Med 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):21-25. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Venous ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with local use of Pycnogenol. Angiology 2005;56(6):699-705. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B. M., Ledda, A., Di, Renzo A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Rohdewald, P., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., and Hosoi, M. Diabetic ulcers: microcirculatory improvement and faster healing with pycnogenol. Clin.Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12(3):318-323. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, B., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., and Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol treatment of acute hemorrhoidal episodes. Phytother.Res. 2010;24(3):438-444. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, S., Zulli, C., Errichi, B. M., Vinciguerra, G., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Errichi, S., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Hosoi, M., and Rohdewald, P. Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol. The SVOS (San Valentino Osteo-arthrosis Study). Evaluation of signs, symptoms, physical performance and vascular aspects. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(4):518-523. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Errichi, S., Zulli, C., Errichi, B. M., Vinciguerra, G., Ledda, A., Di Renzo, A., Stuard, S., Dugall, M., Pellegrini, L., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Ricci, A., Cacchio, M., Cipollone, G., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Hosoi, M., and Rohdewald, P. Variations in C-reactive protein, plasma free radicals and fibrinogen values in patients with osteoarthritis treated with Pycnogenol. Redox.Rep. 2008;13(6):271-276. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Rohdewald, P., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Dugall, M., Griffin, M., Ruffini, I., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M., and Cerritelli, F. Prevention of venous thrombosis and thrombophlebitis in long-haul flights with pycnogenol. Clin Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2004;10(4):373-377. View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M., Silvia, E., Ledda, A., Stuard, S., G V, Dougall, M., Cornelli, U., Hastings, C., and Schonlau, F. Daily consumption of Reliv Glucaffect for 8 weeks significantly lowered blood glucose and body weight in 50 subjects. Phytother.Res. 4-29-2009; View abstract.
Belcaro, G., Luzzi, R., Cesinaro Di, Rocco P., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Errichi, B. M., Ippolito, E., Grossi, M. G., Hosoi, M., Errichi, S., Cornelli, U., Ledda, A., and Gizzi, G. Pycnogenol(R) improvements in asthma management. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):57-64. View abstract.
Berryman, A. M., Maritim, A. C., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Influence of treatment of diabetic rats with combinations of pycnogenol, beta-carotene, and alpha-lipoic acid on parameters of oxidative stress. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2004;18(6):345-352. View abstract.
Bors, W., Michel, C., and Stettmaier, K. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of radical species of proanthocyanidins and gallate esters. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2-15-2000;374(2):347-355. View abstract.
Buz'Zard, A. R., Peng, Q., and Lau, B. H. Kyolic and Pycnogenol increase human growth hormone secretion in genetically-engineered keratinocytes. Growth Horm.IGF.Res. 2002;12(1):34-40. View abstract.
Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ippolito, E., Scoccianti, M., Ricci, A., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Ruffini, I., Fano, F., Acerbi, G., Vinciguerra, M. G., Bavera, P., Di Renzo, A., Errichi, B. M., and Mucci, F. Prevention of edema in long flights with Pycnogenol. Clin Appl.Thromb.Hemost. 2005;11(3):289-294. View abstract.
Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Comparison of Pycnogenol and Daflon in treating chronic venous insufficiency: a prospective, controlled study. Clin Appl Thromb.Hemost. 2006;12(2):205-212. View abstract.
Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Gizzi, G., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Acerbi, G., Cacchio, M., Di Renzo, A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Rapid relief of signs/symptoms in chronic venous microangiopathy with pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Angiology 2006;57(5):569-576. View abstract.
Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Rohdewald, P., Pellegrini, L., Ledda, A., Vinciguerra, G., Ricci, A., Ippolito, E., Fano, F., Dugall, M., Cacchio, M., Di, Renzo A., Hosoi, M., Stuard, S., and Corsi, M. Improvement of signs and symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency and microangiopathy with Pycnogenol: a prospective, controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2010;17(11):835-839. View abstract.
Cesarone, M. R., Belcaro, G., Stuard, S., Schonlau, F., Di, Renzo A., Grossi, M. G., Dugall, M., Cornelli, U., Cacchio, M., Gizzi, G., and Pellegrini, L. Kidney flow and function in hypertension: protective effects of pycnogenol in hypertensive participants--a controlled study. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.Ther. 2010;15(1):41-46. View abstract.
Chayasirisobhon, S. Use of a pine bark extract and antioxidant vitamin combination product as therapy for migraine in patients refractory to pharmacologic medication. Headache 2006;46(5):788-793. View abstract.
Cho, K. J., Yun, C. H., Packer, L., and Chung, A. S. Inhibition mechanisms of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;928:141-156. View abstract.
Cho, K. J., Yun, C. H., Yoon, D. Y., Cho, Y. S., Rimbach, G., Packer, L., and Chung, A. S. Effect of bioflavonoids extracted from the bark of Pinus maritima on proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7. Toxicol Appl.Pharmacol 10-1-2000;168(1):64-71. View abstract.
Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sivonova, M., Dvorakova, M., Zitnanova, I., Waczulikova, I., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., and Durackova, Z. Effect of polyphenolic extract, Pycnogenol, on the level of 8-oxoguanine in children suffering from attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Free Radic.Res 2006;40(9):1003-1010. View abstract.
Cisar, P., Jany, R., Waczulikova, I., Sumegova, K., Muchova, J., Vojtassak, J., Durackova, Z., Lisy, M., and Rohdewald, P. Effect of pine bark extract (Pycnogenol) on symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Phytother.Res. 2008;22(8):1087-1092. View abstract.
Clark, C. E., Arnold, E., Lasserson, T. J., and Wu, T. Herbal interventions for chronic asthma in adults and children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim.Care Respir.J 2010;19(4):307-314. View abstract.
Dene, B. A., Maritim, A. C., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Effects of antioxidant treatment on normal and diabetic rat retinal enzyme activities. J Ocul.Pharmacol Ther 2005;21(1):28-35. View abstract.
Devaraj, S., Vega-Lopez, S., Kaul, N., Schonlau, F., Rohdewald, P., and Jialal, I. Supplementation with a pine bark extract rich in polyphenols increases plasma antioxidant capacity and alters the plasma lipoprotein profile. Lipids 2002;37(10):931-934. View abstract.
Drieling, R. L., Gardner, C. D., Ma, J., Ahn, D. K., and Stafford, R. S. No beneficial effects of pine bark extract on cardiovascular disease risk factors. Arch.Intern.Med. 9-27-2010;170(17):1541-1547. View abstract.
Durackova, B. Trebatický V. Novotný I. Žit®anová J. Breza. Lipid metabolism and erectile function improvement by Pycnogenol®, extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction - a pilot study. Nutrition Research 2003;23(9):1189-1198.
Durackova, Z., Trebaticky, B., Novotny, V., Zitnanova, A., and Breza, J. Lipid metabolism and erectile dysfunction improvement by Pycnogenol(R), extract from the bark of Pinus pinaster in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction -- a pilot study. Nutr.Res. 2003;23:1189-1198.
Dvorakova, M., Jezova, D., Blazicek, P., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Suba, J., Iveta, W., Rohdewald, P., and Durackova, Z. Urinary catecholamines in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): modulation by a polyphenolic extract from pine bark (pycnogenol). Nutr.Neurosci. 2007;10(3-4):151-157. View abstract.
Dvorakova, M., Paduchova, Z., Muchova, J., Durackova, Z., and Collins, A. R. How does pycnogenol(R) influence oxidative damage to DNA and its repair ability in elderly people? Prague.Med.Rep. 2010;111(4):263-271. View abstract.
Dvorakova, M., Sivonova, M., Trebaticka, J., Skodacek, I., Waczulikova, I., Muchova, J., and Durackova, Z. The effect of polyphenolic extract from pine bark, Pycnogenol on the level of glutathione in children suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Redox.Rep. 2006;11(4):163-172. View abstract.
Enseleit, F., Sudano, I., Periat, D., Winnik, S., Wolfrum, M., Flammer, A. J., Frohlich, G. M., Kaiser, P., Hirt, A., Haile, S. R., Krasniqi, N., Matter, C. M., Uhlenhut, K., Hogger, P., Neidhart, M., Luscher, T. F., Ruschitzka, F., and Noll, G. Effects of Pycnogenol on endothelial function in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. Eur.Heart J. 2012;33(13):1589-1597. View abstract.
Errichi, B. M., Belcaro, G., Hosoi, M., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Feragalli, B., Bavera, P., Hosoi, M., Zulli, C., Corsi, M., Ledda, A., Luzzi, R., and Ricci, A. Prevention of post thrombotic syndrome with Pycnogenol(R) in a twelve month study. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):21-27. View abstract.
Errichi, S., Bottari, A., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Hosoi, M., Cornelli, U., Dugall, M., Ledda, A., and Feragalli, B. Supplementation with Pycnogenol(R) improves signs and symptoms of menopausal transition. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):65-70. View abstract.
Ferri, C. and Grassi, D. Antioxidants and beneficial microvascular effects: is this the remedy? Hypertension 2010;55(6):1310-1311. View abstract.
Furumura, M., Sato, N., Kusaba, N., Takagaki, K., and Nakayama, J. Oral administration of French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol((R))) improves clinical symptoms in photoaged facial skin. Clin.Interv.Aging 2012;7:275-286. View abstract.
Golanski, J., Muchova, J., Golanski, R., Durackova, Z., Markuszewski, L., and Watala, C. Does pycnogenol intensify the efficacy of acetylsalicylic acid in the inhibition of platelet function? In vitro experience. Postepy Hig.Med Dosw.(Online.) 2006;60:316-321. View abstract.
Grimm, T., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and MMP-9 secretion by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). J Inflamm.(Lond) 2006;3:1. View abstract.
Grimm, T., Schafer, A., and Hogger, P. Antioxidant activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases by metabolites of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol). Free Radic.Biol Med 3-15-2004;36(6):811-822. View abstract.
Grimm, T., Skrabala, R., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Single and multiple dose pharmaco*kinetics of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) after oral administration to healthy volunteers. BMC.Clin Pharmacol 2006;6:4. View abstract.
Grossi, M. G., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., Cacchio, M., Ippolito, E., and Bavera, P. Improvement in cochlear flow with Pycnogenol(R) in patients with tinnitus: a pilot evaluation. Panminerva Med. 2010;52(2 Suppl 1):63-67. View abstract.
Hasegawa, N. Stimulation of lipolysis by pycnogenol. Phytother Res 1999;13(7):619-620. View abstract.
Henrotin, Y., Lambert, C., Couchourel, D., Ripoll, C., and Chiotelli, E. Nutraceuticals: do they represent a new era in the management of osteoarthritis? - a narrative review from the lessons taken with five products. Osteoarthritis.Cartilage. 2011;19(1):1-21. View abstract.
Horakova, L., Licht, A., Sandig, G., Jakstadt, M., Durackova, Z., and Grune, T. Standardized extracts of flavonoids increase the viability of PC12 cells treated with hydrogen peroxide: effects on oxidative injury. Arch Toxicol 2003;77(1):22-29. View abstract.
Hosseini S, Pishnamazi S Sadrzadeh SMH Farid F Farid R Watson RR. Pycnogenol in the management of asthma. J Medicinal Food 2001;4(4):201-209.
Hosseini, S., Lee, J., Sepulveda, R. T., fa*gan, T., Rohdewald, P., and Watson, R. R. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, prospective 16 week crossover study to determine the role of Pycnogenol(R) in modifying blood pressure in mildly hypertensive patients. Nutr.Res. 2001;21(9):67-76.
Hosseini, S., Pishnamazi, S., Sadrzadeh, S. M., Farid, F., Farid, R., and Watson, R. R. Pycnogenol((R)) in the Management of Asthma. J Med Food 2001;4(4):201-209. View abstract.
Huang, W. W., Yang, J. S., Lin, C. F., Ho, W. J., and Lee, M. R. Pycnogenol induces differentiation and apoptosis in human promyeloid leukemia HL-60 cells. Leuk.Res 2005;29(6):685-692. View abstract.
Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Effects of intragastrically administered Pycnogenol on NNK metabolism in F344 rats. Anticancer Res 1999;19(3A):2095-2099. View abstract.
Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Effects of pycnogenol on the microsomal metabolism of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK as a function of age. Cancer Lett 10-23-1998;132(1-2):135-139. View abstract.
Huynh, H. T. and Teel, R. W. Selective induction of apoptosis in human mammary cancer cells (MCF-7) by pycnogenol. Anticancer Res 2000;20(4):2417-2420. View abstract.
Jialal I, Devaraj S Hirany S et al. The effect of pycnogenol supplementation on markers of inflammation. Alternative Therapies 2001;7:S17.
Kim, H. C. and Healey, J. M. Effects of pine bark extract administered to immunosuppressed adult mice infected with Cryptosporidium parvum. Am J Chin Med 2001;29(3-4):469-475. View abstract.
Kim, J., Chehade, J., Pinnas, J. L., and Mooradian, A. D. Effect of select antioxidants on malondialdehyde modification of proteins. Nutrition 2000;16(11-12):1079-1081. View abstract.
Kim, Y. G. and Park, H. Y. The effects of Pycnogenol on DNA damage in vitro and expression of superoxide dismutase and HP1 in Escherichia coli SOD and catalase deficient mutant cells. Phytother.Res 2004;18(11):900-905. View abstract.
Kimbrough, C., Chun, M., dela, Roca G., and Lau, B. H. PYCNOGENOL chewing gum minimizes gingival bleeding and plaque formation. Phytomedicine 2002;9(5):410-413. View abstract.
Kobayashi, M. S., Han, D., and Packer, L. Antioxidants and herbal extracts protect HT-4 neuronal cells against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity. Free Radic.Res 2000;32(2):115-124. View abstract.
Kohama T, Negami M. Effect of Low-dose French Maritime Pine Bark Extract on Climacteric Syndrome in 170 Perimenopausal Women: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial. J Reproductive Med 2013;58(1):39-47.
Ledda, A., Belcaro, G., Cesarone, M. R., Dugall, M., and Schonlau, F. Investigation of a complex plant extract for mild to moderate erectile dysfunction in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-arm study. BJU.Int. 2010;106(7):1030-1033. View abstract.
Liu, X., Wei, J., Tan, F., Zhou, S., Wurthwein, G., and Rohdewald, P. Pycnogenol, French maritime pine bark extract, improves endothelial function of hypertensive patients. Life Sci 1-2-2004;74(7):855-862. View abstract.
Luzzi, R., Belcaro, G., Zulli, C., Cesarone, M. R., Cornelli, U., Dugall, M., Hosoi, M., and Feragalli, B. Pycnogenol(R) supplementation improves cognitive function, attention and mental performance in students. Panminerva Med. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):75-82. View abstract.
Mach, J., Midgley, A. W., Dank, S., Grant, R. S., and Bentley, D. J. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on fatigue during exercise: potential role for NAD+(H). Nutrients. 2010;2(3):319-329. View abstract.
Macrides, T. A., Shihata, A., Kalafatis, N., and Wright, P. F. A comparison of the hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of the shark bile steroid 5 beta-scymnol and plant pycnogenols. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997;42(6):1249-1260. View abstract.
Marini, A., Grether-Beck, S., Jaenicke, T., Weber, M., Burki, C., Formann, P., Brenden, H., Schonlau, F., and Krutmann, J. Pycnogenol(R) effects on skin elasticity and hydration coincide with increased gene expressions of collagen type I and hyaluronic acid synthase in women. Skin Pharmacol.Physiol 2012;25(2):86-92. View abstract.
Maritim, A., Dene, B. A., Sanders, R. A., and Watkins, J. B., III. Effects of pycnogenol treatment on oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2003;17(3):193-199. View abstract.
Mochizuki, M. and Hasegawa, N. Pycnogenol stimulates lipolysis in 3t3-L1 cells via stimulation of beta-receptor mediated activity. Phytother Res 2004;18(12):1029-1030. View abstract.
Mochizuki, M. and Hasegawa, N. Therapeutic efficacy of pycnogenol in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases. Phytother Res 2004;18(12):1027-1028. View abstract.
Moini, H., Arroyo, A., Vaya, J., and Packer, L. Bioflavonoid effects on the mitochondrial respiratory electron transport chain and cytochrome c redox state. Redox.Rep 1999;4(1-2):35-41. View abstract.
Moini, H., Guo, Q., and Packe, L. Xanthine oxidase and xanthine dehydrogenase inhibition by the procyanidin-rich French maritime pine bark extract, pycnogenol: a protein binding effect. Adv.Exp Med Biol 2002;505:141-149. View abstract.
Moini, H., Guo, Q., and Packer, L. Protein binding of procyanidins: studies using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and French maritime pine bark extract. Methods Enzymol. 2001;335:333-337. View abstract.
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Ni, Z., Mu, Y., and Gulati, O. Treatment of melasma with Pycnogenol. Phytother.Res. 2002;16(6):567-571. View abstract.
Nikolova, V., Stanislavov, R., Vatev, I., Nalbanski, B., and Punevska, M. [Sperm parameters in male idiopathic infertility after treatment with prelox]. Akush.Ginekol.(Sofiia) 2007;46(5):7-12. View abstract.
Noda, Y., Anzai, K., Mori, A., Kohno, M., Shinmei, M., and Packer, L. Hydroxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities of natural source antioxidants using the computerized JES-FR30 ESR spectrometer system. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997;42(1):35-44. View abstract.
Ohkita, M., Kiso, Y., and Matsumura, Y. Pharmacology in health foods: improvement of vascular endothelial function by French maritime pine bark extract (Flavangenol). J.Pharmacol.Sci. 2011;115(4):461-465. View abstract.
Packer, L., Rimbach, G., and Virgili, F. Antioxidant activity and biologic properties of a procyanidin-rich extract from pine (Pinus maritima) bark, pycnogenol. Free Radic.Biol Med 1999;27(5-6):704-724. View abstract.
Pavone, C., Abbadessa, D., Tarantino, M. L., Oxenius, I., Lagana, A., Lupo, A., and Rinella, M. [Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients]. Urologia. 2010;77(1):43-51. View abstract.
Peng, Q. L., Buz'Zard, A. R., and Lau, B. H. Pycnogenol protects neurons from amyloid-beta peptide-induced apoptosis. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 7-15-2002;104(1):55-65. View abstract.
Peng, Q., Wei, Z., and Lau, B. H. Pycnogenol inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation and adhesion molecule expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2000;57(5):834-841. View abstract.
Perera, N., Liolitsa, D., Iype, S., Croxford, A., Yassin, M., Lang, P., Ukaegbu, O., and van, Issum C. Phlebotonics for haemorrhoids. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;8:CD004322. View abstract.
Reuter, J., Wolfle, U., Korting, H. C., and Schempp, C. Which plant for which skin disease? Part 2: Dermatophytes, chronic venous insufficiency, photoprotection, actinic keratoses, vitiligo, hair loss, cosmetic indications. J.Dtsch.Dermatol.Ges. 2010;8(11):866-873. View abstract.
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Schafer, A., Chovanova, Z., Muchova, J., Sumegova, K., Liptakova, A., Durackova, Z., and Hogger, P. Inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2 activity by plasma of human volunteers after ingestion of French maritime pine bark extract (Pycnogenol). Biomed.Pharmacother. 2006;60(1):5-9. View abstract.
Schmidtke I, Schoop W. Pycnogenol: stasis oedema and its medical treatment. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur GanzheitsMedizin 1995;3:114-115.
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